re-enrichment
818O
H₂¹⁸O water — re-enrichment to 98+ at.%
recycling of spent oxygen-18 water
Enriched stable isotopes are the starting material (targets) for producing medical radionuclides in reactors and cyclotrons. Target enrichment determines the yield and radionuclidic purity of the product.
| Isotope | Element | Enrichment, at.% | Application |
|---|---|---|---|
| ⁹⁸Mo | Molybdenum | 97.90 | target for reactor production of molybdenum-99 → technetium-99m, the most widely used diagnostic radionuclide |
| ¹⁰⁰Mo | Molybdenum | 94.30 | direct cyclotron production of technetium-99m and accelerator production of molybdenum-99; double beta decay searches (CUPID-Mo, AMoRE) |
| ⁶⁴Ni | Nickel | 96.10 | target for copper-64 production — a radionuclide for PET imaging and therapy |
| ⁶⁴Zn | Zinc | 99.40 | target for copper-64 production (PET) |
| ⁶⁸Zn | Zinc | 98.90 | target for gallium-67, gallium-68 and copper-67 production (diagnostics and therapy) |
| ⁷⁰Zn | Zinc | 74.60 | beam for superheavy element synthesis (copernicium), target for copper-67, tracer |
| ⁶⁹Ga | Gallium | 99.90 | target for germanium-68 production — the parent of gallium-68 generators (PET) |
| ⁴⁴Ca | Calcium | 99.40 | tracer in calcium metabolism studies; target for scandium-44 production (PET) |
| ⁴⁶Ca | Calcium | 25.60 | target for calcium-47 / scandium-47 production |
| ⁴⁷Ti | Titanium | 96.10 | target for scandium-47 production (radiopharmaceuticals) |
| ⁷⁶Se | Selenium | 81.80 | target for bromine-76 production (PET), nutrition tracer |
| ⁸⁶Sr | Strontium | 96.90 | target for yttrium-86 production (PET), isotope dilution in geochemistry |
| ⁸⁸Sr | Strontium | 99.97 | target for strontium-89 production (treatment of bone metastases), optical clocks |
| ⁸⁵Rb | Rubidium | 99.70 | target for strontium-82 production (rubidium-82 generators for cardiac PET), atomic magnetometers |
| ¹⁰²Pd | Palladium | 99.20 | target for palladium-103 production (prostate cancer brachytherapy) |
| ¹¹⁰Pd | Palladium | 99.70 | target for silver-111 production (radionuclide therapy) |
| ¹¹¹Cd | Cadmium | 98.20 | target for indium-111 production (SPECT imaging), NMR |
| ¹¹²Cd | Cadmium | 99.00 | target for indium-111 production (SPECT imaging) |
| ¹²³Te | Tellurium | 78.20 | target for iodine-123 production (SPECT imaging of the thyroid and brain) |
| ¹²⁴Te | Tellurium | 94.30 | target for iodine-124 (PET) and iodine-123 production |
| ¹³⁰Te | Tellurium | 99.80 | target for iodine-131 production (thyroid therapy); double beta decay searches (CUORE, SNO+) |
| ¹³⁰Ba | Barium | 60.70 | target for caesium-131 production (brachytherapy), double electron capture research |
| ¹⁵²Sm | Samarium | 99.00 | target for samarium-153 production (pain relief in bone metastases) |
| ¹⁶⁰Gd | Gadolinium | 98.40 | target for terbium-161 production (radionuclide therapy), double beta decay searches |
| ¹⁶⁴Dy | Dysprosium | 98.60 | target for dysprosium-165 and holmium-166 production (radiosynovectomy, therapy), dipolar quantum gases |
| ¹⁶⁸Er | Erbium | 99.00 | target for erbium-169 production (radiosynovectomy) |
| ¹⁶⁸Yb | Ytterbium | 44.70 | target for ytterbium-169 production (brachytherapy, gamma radiography) |
| ¹⁷⁶Yb | Ytterbium | 97.30 | target for no-carrier-added lutetium-177 production (therapy of prostate cancer and neuroendocrine tumours) |
| ¹⁷⁶Lu | Lutetium | 88.20 | target for reactor production of lutetium-177 (radionuclide therapy), geochronology (Lu–Hf method) |
| ¹⁸⁶W | Tungsten | 98.20 | target for tungsten-188 production — the parent of rhenium-188 generators (radionuclide therapy) |
| ¹⁸⁵Re | Rhenium | 97.80 | target for rhenium-186 production (bone metastasis pain relief, radiosynovectomy) |
| ¹⁸⁷Re | Rhenium | 99.60 | target for rhenium-188 production (therapy), geochronology (Re–Os method) |
| ²⁰³Tl | Thallium | 98.25 | target for thallium-201 production (myocardial perfusion imaging) and thallium-204 (beta sources for thickness gauges) |
| ⁵⁰Cr | Chromium | 97.90 | target for chromium-51 production (red blood cell labelling, calibration sources for neutrino detectors) |
| ¹⁴⁸Nd | Neodymium | 97.80 | target for promethium-149 production (radionuclide therapy) |
Reference information on typical applications. Enrichment is given according to the producer’s specification. Please confirm the suitability of the isotope for your task (enrichment, chemical form, quantity) in your request. Export of isotope products is subject to export control requirements.